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The sink might not have been fixed, but at least the curvy Valentina Nappi got her fill- -of big dick, that is! Pornstars: Bambino, Valentina Nappi. Read the rest of this entry .. Supernatural recap: Season 1. Episode 7. When I first heard Rick Springfield was going to play Lucifer, I was skeptical. And to be completely honest, I wasn’t a huge fan of his work on the season thus far. But I have to say: Tonight’s episode 1. In fact, it might be my favorite of the season — and not just because Castiel, Crowley, Dean, and Sam all worked together (though that did help). Let’s get into it! We start with the return of Lucifer. If you’ll remember, the last time we saw him, Rowena severely damaged his vessel before sending him to the bottom of the ocean. So how is he still around? Well, there’s something called the Satan feather, which is a fossilized rock that houses a feather from one of dear old Lucy’s wings. And once Lucy gets ahold of that, he’s able to heal himself and buy just a little bit more time in the body of a rock star. Stairway To Heaven by Led Zeppelin song meaning, lyric interpretation, video and chart position. New online games are added every day, so that any gamer will find a game to your taste! In any game, you can play online for free, without registration. Buy Kid Rock tickets from the official Ticketmaster.com site. Find Kid Rock tour schedule, concert details, reviews and photos. Meanwhile, at the bunker, Dean is introducing Mary to a generic version of Words With Friends — she’s not quite ready for Snapchat at this point — when Cas gives him a call. It seems Ladyheart, Vince’s band, just landed a new record deal, and considering their age and current lack of popularity, there’s no way Vince could’ve gotten that deal if he weren’t, you know, the devil. And with that, they’re headed to LA, or as Crowley calls it, “my city.”While Crowley meets with his contact at Death Siren records — and explains there’s prestige in owning the soul of “a Swift or a Drake” — Dean is dreading his time in the city of not- so- angels. Among Dean’s least favorite things about Los Angeles are the traffic, the Botox, the smell of desperation, the toxic air, and dudes in skinny jeans wearing sunglasses inside. He does, however, appreciate the yoga pants. With his headphones in, Sam claims to be listening to a historical podcast. But when Dean pushes his brother, he finds himself forced to listen to Vince’s music as “research.” And here Dean thought LA was bad. At the recording studio, Lucifer realizes something: Rock isn’t about music. It’s just another reason for people to worship, to adore. As he puts it, “Humans have always been desperate to put someone or something above them. Let’s face it, God ain’t cutting it these days. Planet Mike Places in which Mike Beck CDs reside: Antarctica. Nova Scotia. Québec.It takes a Kim Kardashian, whatever Justin Bieber is.” And this is the part where I praise the show for finding a commonality between rock, religion, and just generally commenting on the current state of the world. You gotta love this show. Elsewhere, Sam and Dean discuss vegetable water — Sam’s in, Dean’s out — before Castiel shows up looking like what Dean refers to as a “third- tier agent.” (He’s dressed as he always is.) Cas, firing back, tells Dean, “At least I don’t look like a lumberjack.” BOOM. That being said, Castiel is happy to spend some time with a lumberjack if it means getting a break from weeks upon weeks of Crowley’s relentless talking. Or, as Crowley puts it, “Feathers and I are all but inseparable now.” Together, the four of them check out Vince’s hotel room, where they find a number of rock- star biographies — someone’s been studying – and a human tooth that’s been pulled out by the root. It seems Lucifer is testing his fans, including getting one poor woman to willingly carve his name into her chest. After all, Lucifer wants nothing more than to have loyal followers. NEXT: Who’s ready for a concert?
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From millions of real job salary data. 0 salary data. Average salary is Detailed starting salary, median salary, pay scale, bonus data report. California State Parks, State of California. Humboldt Redwoods State Park Burlington Campground Burlington Campground is located on the scenic and historic Avenue. La historia de California, estado ubicado en la costa oeste de los Estados unidos, comenzó con los nativos americanos que llegaron primero a California hace unos 13. Where is California? The accurate geographical position of the state is indicated in the California location map. Located on the southwest of United States. Alphabetical Brewery List ' Big Sur is a lightly populated, unincorporated region on California's Central Coast where the Santa Lucia Mountains rise abruptly from the Pacific Ocean. Big Sur - Wikipedia. Big Sur is a lightly populated, unincorporated region on California's Central Coast where the Santa Lucia Mountains rise abruptly from the Pacific Ocean. The coast is frequently praised for its rugged coastline and mountain views. Be aware that the temporary boat importation laws have changed for Baja and now every boat that will be going down to Baja needs to have a temporary boat import permit. About 6. 0% of the coastal region is owned by a government or private agency that does not allow any development. The majority of the interior region is part of the Los Padres National Forest, the Ventana Wilderness, Silver Peak Wilderness, or Fort Hunter Liggett. When the region was ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1. United States' . Esther Pfeiffer Ewoldson, who was born in 1. Big Sur pioneers Micheal and Barbara Pfeiffer, wrote that the region extended from the Little Sur River 2. Slates Hot Springs. Members of the Harlen family who homesteaded the Lucia region 9 miles (1. Slates Hot Springs, said that Big Sur was . Most current descriptions of the area refer to either Malpaso Creek or the Carmel River in Monterey County as the northern border. The southern border is generally accepted to be well past Lucia at San Carp. Prior to 1. 93. 7 when the coast highway was completed, the only way to travel the coast was a horse and wagon road, first built in about 1. Monterey to Palo Colorado Canyon. The southern portion is known as the . Both coast roads were often unusable during and after winter storms. This was often shortened to el sur grande. The locals petitioned the United States Post Office in Washington D. C. The section of Highway 1 running through Big Sur is widely considered as one of the most scenic driving routes in the United States, if not the world. Thompson, Emile Norman, and Jack Kerouac. Henry Miller said, . The Big Sur Local Coastal Program, approved by Monterey County Supervisors in 1. For that reason, development of all kinds is severely restricted. In 1. 97. 8, about 1. Big Sur Coast. The highway winds along the western flank of the mountains mostly within sight of the Pacific Ocean, varying from near sea level up to a thousand- foot sheer drop to the water. The highway includes a large number of vista points allowing motorists to stop and admire the landscape. There are a large number of state and federal lands and parks, including Mc. Way Falls at Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park, one of only two waterfalls on the Pacific Coast that plunge directly into the ocean. The waterfall is located near the ruins of a grand stone cliffside house built in 1. Lathrop and H. Esalen hosted many figures of the nascent . The Hermitage in Big Sur was founded in 1. Depending on the season, visitors can view sea otters, sea lions, seals and migrating whales from the beach. The beach is barely visible from the Highway One. The beach is at the end of the road. The wide sandy expanse with views of a scenic arch rock offshore is a favorite among local residents. It is sometimes confused with the beach at Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park to the south. It is popular with hikers and photographers for its views of nearby bluffs. The beach is 2. 5 miles (4. Big Sur village on Highway 1. A steep staircase leads down to the beach from the highway. Vanguard Properties. Vanguard Properties. The first is the beach at the mouth of the Little Sur River. Another is Point Sur Beach, a long sandy beach located below and to the north of Point Sur Lighthouse. Fences around the beaches are posted with “Private Property” and “No Trespassing” signs. Swiss Canyon Beach is north of Andrew Molera State Park. Latest TUG news and announcements! Timeshare Users Group Turns 23!!!! Amazing to believe the TUG Website was started Twenty Three Years ago as the first Timeshare. The consequence is that the Rocky Mountains and the ulterior regions, from the Russian possessions in the north down to the Spanish settlements of California, have. Mc. Way Beach at the foot of Mc. Way falls is not accessible from the shore. And to the south near the county line, Gamboa Point Beach is also closed to the public. There are no urban areas, although three small clusters of gas stations, restaurants, and motels are often marked on maps as . There are fewer than 3. Highway 1 between San Simeon and Carmel. Lodging include a few cabins, motels, and campgrounds, and higher- end resorts. Most lodging and restaurants are clustered in the Big Sur River valley, where Highway 1 leaves the coast for a few miles and winds into a redwood forest, protected from the chill ocean breezes and summer fog. One of the places to stay, Deetjen's Big Sur Inn, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. They agreed to allow rentals as long as the owners paid the Transient Occupancy Tax. In 1. 99. 0, there were about 8. Big Sur, about 6. They claim short term rentals violate the Big Sur Local Use Plan which prohibits establishing facilities that attract destination traffic. Short term rentals also remove scarce residences from the rental market and are likely to drive up demand and the cost of housing. About half of the residents of Big Sur rent their residences. Unlike the larger properties or commercial centers, they are not well suited for commercial agriculture, commercial, or visitor uses (author’s emphasis); use of these areas, to the extent consistent with resource protection, should continue to be for residential purposes. Arid, dusty chaparral- covered hills exist within easy walking distance of lush riparian woodland. Southern limit of Redwood trees. This creates a favorable environment for coniferous forests, including the southernmost habitat of the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), which grows only on lower coastal slopes that are routinely fogged in at night. Some redwood trees were logged in the early 2. J. Michael Fay published a map of the old growth redwoods based on his transect of the entire redwood range. There are many broadleaved trees as well, such as the tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In the rain shadow, the forests disappear and the vegetation becomes open oak woodland, then transitions into the more familiar fire- tolerant California chaparral scrub. Wildlife. The European settlers used to pay bounties to have them killed. The last Grizzly Bear in Monterey County was seen in 1. Cooper Ranch near the mouth of the Little Sur River. The upstream river canyon is characteristic of the Ventana Wilderness region: steep- sided, sharp- crested ridges separating valleys. Among amphibians the California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) is found here, which point marks the southern extent of its range. A captive breeding program was begun in 1. After some success, a few birds were released in 1. Big Sur, and again in 1. Arizona near the Grand Canyon. The birds take six years to mature before they can produce offspring, and a nest was discovered in a redwood tree in 2. The steepness continues offshore where a narrow continental shelf drops to the continental slope in only a few kilometers. The ocean reaches a depth of more than 3. Two deep submarine canyons cut into the shelf near the Big Sur coast: the Sur Submarine Canyon, reaching a depth of 9. Point Sur, and Partington Submarine Canyon, which reaches a similar depth of 1. Grimes Canyon. Its thick bark, along with foliage that starts high above the ground, protect the species from both fire and insect damage, contributing to the coast redwood's longevity. A 2. 01. 0 study compared post- wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species. It concluded that fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood and higher- severity fires provide the greatest benefit. In 1. 88. 5, 1. 89. In 1. 90. 6, a fire that began in Palo Colorado Canyon from the embers of a campfire burned for 3. Coast residents east of Highway 1 were required to evacuate for short periods, and Highway 1 was shut down at intervals over several days to allow firefighters to conduct backfire operations. It burned 5. 7 homes in the Garrapata and Palo Colorado Canyon areas. A bulldozer operator was killed when his equipment overturned during night operations. Visitors avoided the area and tourism revenue was impacted for several weeks. The Ohlone, also known as the Costanoans, are believed to have lived in the region from San Francisco to Point Sur. The Esselen lived in the area between Point Sur south to Big Creek, and inland including the upper tributaries of the Carmel River and Arroyo Seco watersheds. The Salinan lived from Big Creek south to San Carp. In the summer and fall, they traveled inland to gather acorns and hunt deer. These can be found throughout the region. Arrows were of made of cane and pointed with hardwood foreshafts. Their natives who lived in the Big Sur area are estimated from a few hundred to a thousand or more. Two centuries passed before the Spaniards attempted to colonize the area. In 1. 76. 9, an expedition led by Gaspar de Portol. While living at the missions, the aboriginal population was exposed to unknown diseases like smallpox and measles for which they had no immunity, devastating the Native American population and their culture. Many of the remaining Native Americans assimilated with Spanish and Mexican ranchers in the nineteenth century. The Encinale family of 1. Quintana family with three members lived in the vicinity of The Indians (now known as Santa Lucia Memorial Park west of Ft. Hunger Liggett). The Mora family consisting of three members was living to the south along the Nacimiento- Ferguson Road. Parts of the Big Sur region were included in land grants given by Mexican governors Jos. By 1. 88. 0, the James Brown Cattle Company owned and operated Rancho Milpitas and neighboring Rancho Los Ojitos. William Randolph Hearst's Piedmont Land and Cattle Company acquired the rancho in 1. War Department purchased the land from Hearst to create a troop training facility known as the Hunter Liggett Military Reservation. In this distance they rise to elevations of from three thousand six hundred to five thousand feet . From San Carpoforo Creek to Pfeiffer's Point, a distance of 5 miles (8. Coxe's Hole and Slate's Hot Springs, where there are short stretches of sandy and rocky beaches from fifty to one hundred yards . In many places the sea bluffs are perpendicular, and rise from one thousand to one thousand five hundred feet . The country is cut up by deep ca. Best hotel deals and offers in Aruba, Cancun, Miami, Jamaica, Mexico, Dominican Republic, St-Martin, Mauritius, Europe and much more.Bahia del Duque . Un extraordinario oasis de paisajes, rodeados de aguas cristalinas, ricas en vida marina. View the Facilities at Hotel Bahia Princess, Costa Adeje. Tribute acts feature heavily in the evenings, so listen out for the sounds of Robbie Williams, Michael Bubl. Aside from live music, there are comedians, magicians and flamenco dancers. The piano bar is a good spot for a quiet drink. And you can always head next door to the Guayarmina Princess for a share of their entertainment. Nasu Restaurant at Bahía del Sol specializes in international cuisine, offering creative tropical gourmet dishes. Guests could choose between traditional Costa Rican. Travel Agent Central goal is to provide professionals in the Travel Agent Industry with expert information covering far more than just travel destination information. Access to the facilities and restaurants of the Grand Bahia Principe Bavaro and Grand Bahia Principe Turquesa, except buffets. Guest can use the Buffet of the own Hotel. 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I never did understand why people think they need to reformat the computer every 3 weeks. Maybe it comes from the Windows 95 days, or maybe because they get infected. How to Restore Vista to the Factory Defaults Without the Install CD by Shea Laverty. Whether you’re looking to reinstall Windows, retire one of your company’s computers, or just prepare a second hard drive for reuse, it's a good idea to wipe the. How to install, partition, format, or reformat a WD external hard drive in Windows XPThis is where you can set a partition on the drive. By default Windows chooses the whole drive so click on Next. For example, using a 5. GB hard drive and it's desired to split the drive into two partitions, type in 2. GB's) in the Partition size in MB area. The next time around, however, choose Extended Partion at the Select Partition Type window. So, be sure to plan out ahead how many and what size partitions you want before creating them. How to erase my hard drive and start over. Updated: 0. 5/1. 9/2. Computer Hope. Notice: Remember that following the steps below will erase all of the information on your hard drive and make it like new. Once the steps below have been completed, you will not be able to reverse the steps if you want to recover possible lost data. Erasing the hard drive and reinstalling Windows. Click on a link below for instructions on how to erase the hard drive and reinstall Windows. Tip: If you have an OEM computer (Acer, ASUS, Dell, HP, etc.), it's likely that you have a hidden system recovery partition and don't need to use any CD or DVD to restore your computer. Windows 1. 0Open the Start Menu. Select the Settings option (looks like a gear). In the Settings window, select the Update & security option. Select the Recovery option in the left navigation pane. Click the Get Started button in the . When all partitions have been deleted, you should see a single entry named . The formatting process will erase the hard drive before installing Windows. Windows XP and 2. Insert the Windows XP/2. CD in the CD- ROM drive and restart the computer. When you see the message . In some cases, you may need to boot the computer with CD- ROM support or press a key to boot from the disk. I needed to change the size of a disk partition on a Windows Vista machine the other day, but I didn't want to reformat the drive. In earlier Windows operating.At the MS- DOS prompt type, format c: /s. Note: If the . While the computer is formatting, make sure no errors are encountered. Once the format process is completed successfully, at the MS- DOS prompt, type fdisk /mbr and press Enter. This should return you back to the MS- DOS prompt with no message. This step is not required but recommended. Once back at the MS- DOS prompt, reboot the computer with the boot disk still inserted and follow the steps below if you want to re- install Windows on the hard drive. Installing earlier versions of Windows and DOS after formatting drive. Windows NT 4. 0. Windows NT can be installed different ways. We recommend that Windows NT be installed using the steps below as we feel that these steps by far are the easiest way to install Windows NT 4. First, we recommend that all users wanting to install Windows NT use the /b switch, which allows the users to not need to create the diskettes. We do, however, recommend that the user create the emergency recover diskettes if they have not already been created after the installation of Windows NT. Finally, before the installation of Windows NT, it is recommended that you run SMARTDRV, which helps the installation of Windows NT run a lot faster. Place the CD into the computer. Type X: (where x is the CD- ROM drive, often this is D: ). Once at the appropriate drive, type CD WINNT and press enter to get into the Windows 9. Once at X: \WINNT> Type winnt /b. Follow the on- screen instructions to complete the installation. Windows 9. 8Windows 9. CDPlace the CD into the computer. Type X: (where x is the CD- ROM drive, often this is D: ). Once at the appropriate drive, type CD WIN9. Windows 9. 5 directory. Once at X: \WIN9. Type setup to begin the installation. Follow the on- screen instructions to complete the installation. If you are encountering issues during the setup process, you can add additional switches to the setup command line. These switches can be found on our Windows 9. Windows 9. 5 with floppy diskettes. Place the first diskette of Windows 9. At the A: \> Type setup and press enter to begin the installation. Follow the on- screen instructions to complete the installation. Windows 3. x. Place the first diskette of Windows 3. At the A: \> Type setup and press enter to begin the installation. Follow the on- screen instructions to complete the installation. MS- DOSPlace the first MS- DOS diskette into the computer. At the A: \> Type setup and press enter to being the installation. Follow the on- screen instructions to complete the installation. How to automatically repair Windows Vista using Startup Repair. Table of Contents. Overview of the Windows Vista Repair options. How to perform an automatic repair of Windows Vista using Startup Repair. Advanced Tools overview. Conclusion. Overview of the Windows Vista Repair options Windows Vista comes with a rich feature set of diagnostic and repair tools that you can use in the event that your computer is not operating correctly. These tools allow you to diagnose problems and repair them without having to boot into Windows. This tutorial will help you in: Enabling Windows Vista boot screen in Windows 7; Completely disabling boot.I tried to use windows 10 system restore point (twice, a manual restore point and an automated one), the restore points came up with a failed message, and my system. This provides much greater flexibility when it comes to fixing problems that you are not able to resolve normally. This guide focuses on using the Startup Repair utility to automatically fix problems starting Windows Vista. The tutorial will also provide a brief description of the advanced repair tools with links to tutorials on how to use them. How to perform and automatic repair of Windows Vista using Startup Repair. If you are having problems starting Windows Vista, then your first step is to use the automated repair tool called Startup Repair. Startup Repair is a diagnostic tool that can be accessed via the Windows Recovery Environment. In order to start the Windows Recovery Environment you must boot your computer off of the Windows Vista DVD that you purchased or that came with your computer. To start this process, insert the Vista DVD into your DVD drive and turn your computer on. Your computer will start and you should see your BIOS listing your hardware and other information. When that information is cleared, your computer will see that a bootable DVD is inserted and present a prompt similar to Figure 1 below. Figure 1. Boot the computer from the CD or DVD. As you want to boot the computer from the Windows Vista DVD you need to press a key, and any key will do, on your keyboard when you see the above prompt. After you press the key, you should hear your DVD reader spinning up and then you will see a black screen with a white status bar at the bottom stating Windows is loading files.. After a while, the status bar will turn completely white and you will see a screen stating that Windows is loading. The Windows Setup environment will continue to load and when finished you will be presented with a screen similar to Figure 2 below. Figure 2. Configure language and location options in Vista Setup. At this screen you should configure the Language to install, Time and currency format, and Keyboard or input method options so that they are set correctly. When done, press the Next button. You will now be at the main Windows Vista setup screen where you would normally install Vista on to a computer. Figure 3. Windows Vista Setup options.
As we want to repair the computer, you should click on the Repair your computer option. This will bring you to a new screen where the repair process will look for all Windows Vista installations on your computer. When done you will be presented with the System Recovery Options dialog box as shown in Figure 4 below. Figure 4. System Recovery Options. Select the Vista installation you would like to repair and if there are drivers you need to load in order for Vista to access any of your drives or other components , then you should click on the Load Drivers button to load them. When ready, press the Next button to continue. These recovery tools are discussed further in the Advanced Tools Overview section below. As we want to perform an automated repair, we would click on the Startup Repair option under this list of tools. It should also be noted that if the repair process detected that you previously had problems starting Vista, instead of displaying the list of recovery tools, it would have automatically started the Startup Repair tool for you. When the Startup Repair tool starts, it will scan your Vista installation for any problems. If problems are found it will attempt to fix these problems automatically. This automatic repair process can be seen in Figure 5 below. Figure 5. Startup Repair window. The automatic repair process can take quite a while. So please be patient as Vista attempts to find and repair any problems on your computer. During this process your computer may reboot multiple times, which is normal and nothing to be worried about. During this process you may also be presented with a dialog box asking if you would like to restore your computer using System Restore. Figure 6. Restore using System Restore. You should click on the Cancel button at this prompt because there is a better System Restore option that can be used from the advanced tools list which we will cover later. For now, just click on the Cancel button and continue with the Startup Repair process. The repair process will now continue to scan your installation for errors to fix. Once the repair process has completed, if it could not find any problems, you will be given an option to send your information to Microsoft. Figure 7. Could not repair automatically. When sending this information, it is important to note that you will not receive a response back from Microsoft with a solution. Instead they use this information to determine if this is a bug that a lot of people are having and that they need to rectify or if they need to create a support article on how to fix it. If you wish to send the information, then click on the Send information about this problem (recommended) option. Otherwise, click on the Don't send option. You will now be at a summary screen. Figure 8. End of automatic repair. You can now click on the Finish button to reboot your computer to exit the repair process or if you would like to try some more advanced options then click on the View advanced options for system recovery and support. We recommend that you try the advanced tools if the Startup Repair tool could not fix your problems. You can also reach the advanced tools at any time during a Startup Repair scan by clicking on the Cancel button. An overview of the advanced tools can be found with links to their individual tutorials. Advanced Tools Overview. Vista provides advanced repair tools that you can use to fix problems with your Windows Vista installation. To reach this list of tools you would start your computer using the above process and either press Cancel during the Startup Repair process, or if no problems were detected, the list will automatically be shown. The repair process will now display the System Recovery Options screen. Figure 9. Vista System Recovery Options screen. This screen provides access to five tools that can help you repair your Vista installation. These tools are: Startup Repair. Startup Repair is an automated repair process that scans your Vista installation for problems and attempts to automatically fix them. When you select to repair Vista from the Vista setup screen, and Vista detects problems, this process will be started automatically. You can cancel this process at any time to access the other repair tools described below. The Startup Repair process has already been introduced above when we discussed performing an automated repair. System Restore. System Restore allows you to restore your computer's configuration, driver information, and programs to a previous state while leaving your existing data intact. Using this option can typically fix a installation's problem if it is not associated with faulty hardware. In order to use this option, you must have had System Restore enabled in Vista so that there are restore points available to restore to. To learn how to use this feature you should read this tutorial: Using System Restore from the Vista Windows Recovery Environment. Windows Complete PC Restore. Complete PC Restore is a feature that allows you to restore your entire computing environment from a backup image that you created previously. The ability to create backup images for Complete PC Restore is only available in Windows Vista Business, Ultimate, and Enterprise. If you have tried all possible steps to repair your computer, and have a Complete PC Restore backup image available from when your computer was operating properly, then you can use this repair option to restore that image. To learn how to use this feature you should read this tutorial: Using Windows Complete PC Restore to restore your computer. Windows Memory Diagnostic Tool. Windows Vista comes with a diagnostic tool that allows you to check the memory installed in your computer for errors. This will allow you to determine if the actual memory (RAM) hardware installed in your computer is creating errors. To learn how to use this feature you should read this tutorial: How to use the Vista Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool. Command Prompt. The Command Prompt repair tool allows you to open a command prompt that you can use to access the files and registry information on your computer. This is an invaluable tool for removing security threats such as worms, rootkits, and other malware from your computer and to be able to access files when Vista fails to boot up. To learn how to use this feature you should read this tutorial: How to use the Command Prompt in the Vista Windows Recovery Environment. No longer should you feel held captive to your computer, but rather in control of how it operates. If you have any questions on how to use the automated repair or the advanced repair tools, please ask us in the Windows Vista Help Forum. How to fix a Windows (Vista, 7 or 1. The User Profile Service failed the logon There are many annoying things that can happen to your Windows installation, but one of the most irritating faults is a corrupt user profile. Although all of your precious data, from images and video to all your documents and applications remains safe on your hard disk or SSD, this particularly nasty problem prevents you from gaining access to it. It’s signified by the rather worrying message: . The error is fairly easy to fix, and we’ll show you exactly how to do it in this article. Before you progress, though, it’s worth taking precautions. When repairing any computer there’s always a chance that you could cause further problems, so make sure you carry out regular backups. If you haven’t got into the habit yet, and you can’t get into your computer, it might be an idea to remove the hard disk and save the files to another laptop or PC. As you can't get into your computer, it may be prudent to take its hard disk out and save the files to another computer or laptop. USB disk caddies can be a life saver in this situation, letting you plug your hard disk with the damaged user profile in it, into another computer via USB. RESTART YOUR COMPUTERThis might sound obvious, but try restarting the system as a first port of call. Windows can occasionally run into problems reading your user profile if you happen to have an antivirus scan running at the time. Reset your computer and attempt to log in again and you might be able to successfully get in this time. Otherwise, continue below. JUMP TO: Windows 1. SYSTEM RESTOREThere's a chance that you can fix your computer by using System Restore. To do this, restart your computer and hit F8 to bring up the Windows 7 or Vista boot menu. Choose Safe Mode and boot into Windows. When you're at the desktop get up a Command Prompt and type in rstrui to load System Restore. Click Next and then choose the restore point by date: pick a date where you know that you computer worked properly. Click Next and Finish to restore your computer. That may fix the issue, but if not, you'll need to follow our advice below. First, you should make a backup of your computer's Registry using Safe Mode first, which we'll show you how to do. BACKUP THE REGISTRYYour first job is to backup the Registry, protecting your computer should the steps fail below. Fortunately, this is an easy job and you don't need to be able to boot into the full OS to do it. Restart your computer and tap F8 after the BIOS POST screen to bring up the boot menu. Select Safe mode from the list. Let your computer boot up. You may need to enter your username and password to log in to the Safe Mode Desktop. Normally, you'd be able to backup the Registry by creating a System Restore point, but you can't do this in Safe Mode. Instead click on Start, type Regedit and hit Enter. In the Registry Editor hit File, Export, browse to where you want to save backup, enter a name and click Save. If your computer has a second Administrator account that you can access, you can backup the Registry simply by booting into Windows and creating a new System Restore Point. Click Start, right- click Computer and select Properties. Click System Protection in the left- hand pane, then click the System protection tab and then click Create. Your computer will take a backup of key files and the Registry. Restoring the Registry. User profile cannot be loaded” error message that may be received in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 SP1 and SP2, and Windows Server 2003 R2 retired content. The content you requested has already retired. No worries if you forgot the admin password. Here are 12 ways to reset the Windows administrator password on Windows 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista and Windows XP. NTAccess replaces lost Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 or Windows Vista administrator password. To Log on to another Administrator account. NOTE: If you do not have another Administrator account, then proceed to step 2. How to Remove Windows 10 Administrator Password for Logon. Even though Microsoft account has been added for Windows 10 login, administrator still places an important. A tutorial on how to starting Windows Vista in Safe Mode which can provide a means to troubleshoot complicated problems. You are here: Home; Software; How to fix a Windows (Vista, 7 or 10) corrupt user profile: The User Profile Service failed the logon. If you have multiple user accounts on your computer, you might find it annoying to have to click on the icon for your username each time you start up the computer. Microsoft has purposely hidden the built-in Administrator account in Vista, but it's easy to use once you know how to find it, writes Scot Finnie. If you do have a further problem with your computer after making Registry changes, you'll need to restore everything to its previous settings. Doing this is pretty easy once you've followed our steps above. Restart your computer and tap F8 after the BIOS POST test messages to bring up the boot menu. Select Safe Mode to boot into the special mode used for recovery. If prompted, select your username and enter your password to log onto your computer. If you created a backup by saving the Registry, browse to the . Registry backup for your computer. Just double- click this file and click OK on the warning dialog box to integrate your old settings into the Registry. When you reboot your computer next you Registry will be back its old settings. If you created a backup by creating a new System Restore Point, run System Restore from the Start Menu. Select the System Restore point you created, using the date and time to select the correct one and restore your computer. After a reboot, you'll have the Registry back in its initial state before you made any changes. At this point you'll still have the original corrupted user profile problems, but you can now try following the instructions again (or attempting a different method) in order to recover your computer. You can restore your computer from the Registry backup as many times as you like, so don't worry about further attempts to fix your computer. Be careful of your backup, though, as you can run the file after you've fixed your computer. If you accept the Registry changes that it will make, you'll just break your computer and corrupt your user profile, forcing to fix it again. FIX A CORRUPTED USER PROFILE METHOD 1 - CREATE A NEW ACCOUNTCreating a new account means that you don't have to edit the Registry and can avoid more potential damage. It's not such a clean fix, though, so if you're more confident about using Windows, read Method 2 below. STEP 1 - ENABLE HIDDEN ADMINISTRATOR ACCOUNTThe easiest and safest way to fix the problem is to create a brand new account and copy over your old files and settings. However, you can only do this if you've got another user account on the computer with Administrator settings. If you have, just boot your computer as normal and skip to Step 2. If you haven't got another account, you need to enable the hidden Administrator account. Boot into safe mode, as above. Click Start, type 'cmd', then right- click Command Prompt and select Run as Administrator. In the command prompt type: Net user administrator /active: yes. Hit Enter and you should see a message that says, . Instead, select either the hidden Administrator account, as enabled in Step 1, or another account on your computer that has admin access. STEP 3 - CREATE NEW ACCOUNTOpen Control Panel from the Start Menu and select User Account and Family Safety, then click User Accounts. Click Manage another account, then click Create another account. Enter a name for your new user (it must be different to the old one, although you can rename later). Make your new account an Administrator, and click Create Account. STEP 4 - COPY OLD DATAYou now need to copy all of your old data to your new account. First, click Start and choose Switch account. On the Login screen, click your new account to log in to it for the first time (if you don't do this, the user folder won't be created). When you're at the Desktop, log off and log into the Administrator account you used in Step 2. Use Windows Explorer to go to your old user's folder, which is most likely c: Users. Press Alt, click Tools and select Folder Options. Click View and make sure you've selected 'Show hidden files, folders, and drives'. Deselect 'Hide protected operating system files (Recommended)'. Click OK. Select all files in this folder, except the ones that start Ntuser. Ntuser. dat. log, Ntuser. Press Control- C or select Copy from the Edit menu (if you don't see the menu press Alt first). Browse to your new user's folder (most likely c: Users). Press Control- V or select Paste, or select Paste from the Edit menu (press Alt if you don't see this menu). Log off and then back on as your new user. All of your files and application settings should have come across, although some email applications may have to have messages re- downloaded or their data exported separately (see the manufacturer's help). When you're sure that you've got everything, you can delete your old user and their files, and rename your new user account. Don't forget to go back into Safe mode and disable the Administrator account, using the following command: Net user administrator /active: no. METHOD 2 - EDIT THE REGISTRYThis method has the potential to cause more harm, so it's best followed only by more advanced users. Remember to backup your Registry following the instructions at the start of this article. STEP 1 LAUNCH REGEDITRestart your computer and boot into Safe Mode, following the instructions at the start of the article. Click on the Start menu, type Regedit and hit Enter to start the Registry Editor. Using the left- hand panel, browse to HKEY. You'll see some folders with the name starting S- 1- 5 followed by a long number. Click on each one in turn, then in the Main Window look at the Profile. Image. Path and make sure it's the account with the problem. This is the name of the user folder and contains the name of the username it relates to. If you have two folders for your username, and one ends in . Rename the folder with . If you have one folder with a . STEP 2 - CHANGE REFCOUNTSelect the folder with the . Window double- click Ref. Count. Change the Value data to 0, then click OK. Close the Registry Editor and Restart your computer, and you can now login to your existing account. If you have further problems, you can restore your original Registry settings following the instructions at the start of this article, then follow Method 1 to repair your corrupted user profile. WINDOWS 1. 0 FIXIf you've encountered the 'User Profile Service failed the logon' error in Windows 1. Windows 1. 0 system. All you need to do is copy the 'C: \Users\Default' folder from a second, non- problematic PC over to your problem PC and pasting it in the same location. Rename the existing folder on your problem PC to something else, just in case you ever need to revert back for any reason. To access the 'Default' folder on your second PC you'll need to turn on hidden files by clicking 'View' in the folder toolbar and selecting 'Hidden items'. Factory Settings or Factory Defaults usually refers to performing a restore or a reset of your computer to its original configuration as it first was when it was. How to factory reset Windows 7 using the Dell Factory Image that come installed on your Dell computer. How to Factory Restore Windows XP in Safe Mode With a Command Prompt by Alan Sembera. To begin your fresh system install you’ll need a copy of the operating system on bootable media (like a CD or USB drive How To Install Windows 8 From A USB Stick. I want to reset my computer so I have full memory and pretty much make it brand new, but I don't have the windows 7 disc and I don't have a disc drive. How can I go. Once the restoration to factory settings is complete the computer will reboot and begin the Windows setup process. You will have to set up your user account and your. Hard Reset Linksys E1200 Wireless N-Router to Restore Factory Default Settings. Resetting the router erases all of your settings, so you must restore the. How to Restore Vista to the Factory Defaults Without the Install CD by Shea Laverty. How to Factory Restore Windows XP in Safe Mode With a Command Prompt. Many older computers are unable to boot directly from the CD drive. Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images. Restoring a Windows XP computer from the command prompt eliminates the need to boot from a CD or floppy disk. To use the command prompt for the restoration, you must access it in Safe Mode during startup and then run the setup program on your original Windows XP CD. After the factory restore is complete, your computer is wiped clean of old files and you're left with a fresh installation of Windows XP. Restart your computer and begin tapping the . You should see the . If Windows starts instead, reboot and try again. If you fail after several attempts, shut off power to your computer while in Windows and then when you restart Windows it may automatically go to the Advanced Options screen. Use your cursor keys to highlight . Insert your Windows XP installation CD into your computer and then change to the CD drive by typing . Windows copies the installation files from the CD to your hard drive, a process which could take an hour or longer depending on the speed of your hardware. Windows erases all the data from the drive and begins installing XP. At one point, the computer restarts by itself. Follow any additional setup prompts, providing information such as your region, language and networks settings. Windows restarts and brings up the activation screen. Enter your 2. 5- character product key and then click . Enter a username and then click . To use the recovery partition, reboot the computer and then look for a prompt that tells you to press a certain key to access the recovery console. Press the key and follow the prompts. About the Author. Alan Sembera began writing for local newspapers in Texas and Louisiana. His professional career includes stints as a computer tech, information editor and income tax preparer. Sembera now writes full time about business and technology. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in journalism from Texas A& M University. Photo Credits. Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images. Oddly enough, I’ve been asked by many people recently how they can restore their computers to “factory settings”. Depending on how you look at it and version of.
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Sun Postpaid plans let you pick a plan with inclusions that match your mobile lifestyle. Windows Vista — Wikip. Son successeur est Windows 7, sorti en octobre 2. Selon Microsoft, Windows Vista contient des centaines de nouvelles fonctionnalit. Les plus significatives d'entre elles sont probablement le renouveau de l'interface graphique, une fonction de recherche plus d. Windows Vista vise . Une des critiques les plus courantes de Windows XP et de ses pr. Ces failles, une fois d. Microsoft a d. Auparavant, le nom de code du syst. Ce dernier ayant un retard important, Microsoft a pr. Opera 18 comes with custom themes, moving tabs between windows, support for WebRTC (camera/microphone API), and more.Le développement de Windows Vista a été annoncé en août 2001, comme une version intermédiaire de Windows 7. Ce dernier ayant un retard important. Screenshot of Windows Vista Ultimate, showing its desktop, taskbar, Start menu, Windows Sidebar, Welcome Center and glass effects of Windows Aero. There are a number of security and safety features new to Windows Vista, most of which are not available in any prior Microsoft Windows operating system release. Storing large folders or file on your desktop is convenient, as long as you keep the size under control. Even if you use tools such as Disk Cleanup or CCleaner. Ce dernier, connu au d. Ces versions, comportant des bugs pour la plupart (il s'agit de versions de d. Pendant ce temps, le d. Au Win. HEC 2. 00. Dossiers virtuels (se basant sur des requ. Finalement apr. De par les difficult. Des fonctionnalit. Interface Aero disponible ; 2. Beta 2 - Build 5. Les utilisateurs doivent d. Windows Vista dispose . Un dossier virtuel est un fichier XML qui contient un lien constamment mis . Il introduit . Le mot fait . Les versions Vista 3. Vista 6. 4 bits supporteront les applications 6. Gestion native de l'IPv. L'API originale reste Win. Vista ajoute en int. Elle utilise . Il sera port. De nouvelles ic. Aero qui accroit les calculs 3. D et par cons. Microsoft a admis le probl. Cela permet d'. Il faudra alors donner l'autorisation . Windows Vista d. Il sera port. Il semblerait que Power. Shell ne soit pas livr. Ces technologies . Cette fonctionnalit. Technologie destin. Elle est bas. Ready. Boost am. C'est pourquoi Microsoft impose des conditions minimales sur les cl. Cette nouvelle version a . En revanche, cette version n'est plus compatible avec les pr. Seuls les futurs jeux pourront l'utiliser, . Pour rester compatible avec les jeux actuels, Windows Vista utilise en parall. Cette version am. Direct. X 1. 0 ne sera pas port. En effet Vista . La principale cons. Cependant, pour pallier ce probl. Ce composant suscite des critiques de la part des . Ces contestations font n. Internet Explorer 7 s'ex. Ainsi, les logiciels « malicieux » ne sont pas en mesure d'. Entre autres am. Seuls les fichiers qui ont chang. Les versions Ultimate, Business et Enterprise de Windows permettent . Cette sauvegarde pourra alors . Elle stocke les messages diff. Le filtre antispam de Windows Mail et les d. De plus, les utilisateurs qui optent pour une mise . Ce principe est d. Microsoft recommande d'utiliser le nouveau mode de mise en veille (hybrid sleep) pour atteindre des performances de d. Elle combine la mise en veille classique et l'hibernation pour permettre un d. Les comptes « Utilisateur » ont des permissions limit. Seuls les comptes « Administrateur » peuvent installer des applications, pilotes et configurer de mani. La possibilit. La recherche devrait . L'utilisateur partageant le fichier pourra . Cet outil est d. Cet outil est disponible dans les outils de r. La plupart des services et composants de Windows Vista auront . Lorsque plusieurs versions d'un m. Le document ainsi g. Il sera d'un format convenant aussi bien pour l'archivage d'un document que pour le partage, ind. Le lecteur de fichier Metro sera int. Pare- feu am. L'installation choisira la bonne version, selon la cl. Windows sera alors fonctionnel pour trente jours, et une cl. Contrairement au module de reconnaissance vocale d'Office 2. Office et Word. Pad, La reconnaissance vocale de Windows Vista est accessible . Elle fonctionne dans plusieurs langues : anglais, espagnol, fran. La fonctionnalit. De nouveaux r. Il affiche . Les photos peuvent . Elles peuvent . Vous pouvez d. Quelques nouveaux venus: Chess Titans, Mahjong Titans, Purble Place. Un explorateur de jeux rassemble les descriptions des jeux et les raccourcis vers les jeux install. Par son interm. Windows Vista Starter et Home Basic ne peuvent que se connecter sur un partage existant. Les autres versions de Windows peuvent initier un partage. Windows Vista g. Comme la plupart d'entre elles sont relatives au fonctionnement du syst. Ces technologies ont . Une autre technologie, appel. Le support . Ce n'est plus le cas avec Windows Vista, qui supporte IPv. Ce nouveau mod. Direct 3. D 1. 0, d. Au niveau du noyau, de nombreuses am. Le gestionnaire de tas (Heap Manager) impl. Par exemple, la v. Un gestionnaire de transactions a . Diverses nouveaut. Cette technologie permet d'utiliser l'ordinateur avec un nombre de privil. Dans les versions pr. Dans Windows Vista, lorsqu'une action n. Si l'utilisateur est un administrateur, il doit quand m. Ces renseignements sont entr. Ceci afin d'interdire la saisie des informations par un logiciel malveillant, mais aussi pour mettre en . Internet Explorer s'ex. L'anti- espion Windows Defender fait maintenant partie de Windows. Il assure la protection contre les malwares et autres programmes ind. Toute modification de configuration du syst. Une autre am. Bit. Locker peut travailler en accord avec un cryptoprocesseur TPM (Trusted Platform Module version 1. Tout comme pour les autres techniques de chiffrement de disques, Bit. Locker reste vuln. Par exemple, un processus poss. Ou encore, un service n'a pas la possibilit. Le pare- feu filtre d. Elles peuvent inclure des applications sp. L'outil utilis. Vista introduit . La gestion des r. Ils sont inclus dans les . Le support de NFS (Network File System) est . En particulier, il supporte la version 3. Net (biblioth. La version 3. Windows Presentation Foundation est une interface utilisateur permettant l'utilisation du mat. Ce composant fournit les bases pour construire des applications et m. C'est le successeur de Windows Forms. Windows Communication Foundation est un syst. Il fournit le mod. Il fournit une interface unifi. Par exemple, pour s'identifier sur un site web. Ces technologies sont . Ceci, afin de faciliter leur introduction et leur utilisation tant par les d. Notamment aux niveaux suivants : r. Il en va de m. Si l'on se r. Les applications peuvent utiliser l'impl. Les applications peuvent . Le pilote h. Cependant, le hardware overlay n'est pas support. ATI et NVidia recommandent d'utiliser les objets Framebuffer pour parvenir au m. Cette protection ne s'applique qu'aux contenus du HD explicitement prot. Win. SAT peut . L’outil n'est pas ex. Il est accessible dans les panneaux de configuration o. Les jeux sous Vista peuvent profiter de ce syst. Ce n’est cependant qu’. Chaque grade correspond selon Microsoft . Certaines recommandations semblent contradictoires, c'est pourquoi le d. Un ordinateur de ce type ne pourra . Ce second grade est identique au Grade 1 auquel s'ajouterait du multim. On peut toutefois, et malgr. Cela engendrera une baisse significative des performances, la grande majorit. Il s'agit du mod. Ces ordinateurs pourront faire fonctionner la majorit. Cette configuration correspond approximativement aux ordinateurs neufs d'entr. Ces ordinateurs ex. Ils pourront faire fonctionner dans de bonnes conditions les . Le streaming haute- d. Ce type d'ordinateurs correspond au haut de gamme en juin 2. Les ordinateurs qui sortiront par la suite et qui seront encore plus puissants resteront . Le DWM produit un bureau compos. Cette technologie permet de faire dispara. Elle permet aussi de rendre la lecture vid. Certaines options, comme la transparence, sont supprim. Il est moins gourmand en m. Selon Microsoft, les ordinateurs pouvant faire tourner Windows Vista sont class. Ce type d'ordinateur ne sera pas capable de supporter toutes les caract. Ce type d'ordinateur sera capable d'activer et de g. D'autre part, le th. Les profils mat. La possibilit. Microsoft s'oriente vers 6 versions (sans compter les versions . En plus, elles sont disponibles en deux . Ne dispose pas de l'interface Aero. Cette version n'est pas disponible en version . Ne dispose pas de l'interface Aero. Cette version est . Cette version n'est pas disponible en version . Cette version est . Cette version de Windows s'appelle . Elle inclut toutes les fonctionnalit. Seules les entreprises disposant d'un abonnement de maintenance Software Assurance ou un Accord Entreprise Microsoft peuvent se la procurer. Windows Vista . Cette version n'est pas disponible en version . Il est possible chez certains vendeurs d'acqu. Pour les grands constructeurs, des tarifs sp! Il est indispensable de faire une sauvegarde compl. L'activation tient compte du mat. Cependant il n'est pas pr. La sortie simultan. C'est une premi. Ce service pack est accessible aux autres utilisateurs via. Windows Update ou depuis le Centre de t. En particulier le syst. Ces changements interviennent . En juin 2. 00. 7, Google a indiqu. Les cartes graphiques devront d. Quant aux nouveaut. Le service pack 2 est disponible officiellement depuis le 2. Microsoft et via mise . Les partitions et les lames, ainsi que les dispositifs permettant un multiplexage de plusieurs mat. L'activation envoie . Il n'est plus possible d'utiliser Vista sans l'activer pass. Notons que ceci n'est plus valable avec le SP1 dans lequel le . Les informations transmises sont la cl. Microsoft s'engage . Il n'est possible de partager ces polices qu'aux conditions propres . Ces listes permettent d'interdire Windows Vista de lire certains contenus prot. L’utilisateur peut devoir accepter certaines mises . Microsoft s'autorise . Ceux- ci peuvent ne pas informer l'utilisateur lorsqu'ils se connectent . L'utilisateur peut choisir de d. En utilisant ces services, il les autorise . Ces informations respectent les engagements de Vista sur la vie priv. Cela concerne g. Cela est valable m. Cette information n'est donc pas utilis. Purple Place et Inkball. Technologie Windows Tablet & Touch. Espace de collaboration de Windows. Windows Media Center. Cr. Dans ce cas, on ne peut pas acc. Mais Vista allait souffrir d'une consommation de m. La stabilit. Mais certains particuliers et beaucoup de professionnels se sont donc retourn. Microsoft a d. Jones, indique dans un rapport. Jones est critiqu. Microsoft s'est d. Cela concernera, entre autres choses, la lecture de contenu prot. Robert Cringely a quant ! L'article a cependant remarqu. Paul Thurrott, un fervent supporter de Microsoft, a qualifi. Plus tard, il a not. De plus, ces bo. New York Times pointe du doigt la forte ressemblance entre les gadgets de Vista et les widgets d. Advanced Windows Debugging: Memory Corruption Part II—Heaps . Daniel Pravat and Mario Hewardt discuss security vulnerabilities and stability issues that can surface in an application when the heap is used in a nonconventional fashion. This chapter is from the book . In recent years, however, another form of buffer overflow attack has gained in popularity. Rather than relying on the stack to exploit buffer overflows, the Windows heap manager is now being targeted. Even though heap- based security attacks are much harder to exploit than their stack- based counterparts, their popularity keeps growing at a rapid pace. In addition to potential security vulnerabilities, this chapter discusses a myriad of stability issues that can surface in an application when the heap is used in a nonconventional fashion. Although the stack and the heap are managed very differently in Windows, the process by which we analyze stack- and heap- related problems is the same. As such, throughout this chapter, we employ the same troubleshooting process that we defined in Chapter 5 (refer to Figure 5. A heap is a form of memory manager that an application can use when it needs to allocate and free memory dynamically. Common situations that call for the use of a heap are when the size of the memory needed is not known ahead of time and the size of the memory is too large to neatly fit on the stack (automatic memory). Even though the heap is the most common facility to accommodate dynamic memory allocations, there are a number of other ways for applications to request memory from Windows. Memory can be requested from the C runtime, the virtual memory manager, and even from other forms of private memory managers. Although the different memory managers can be treated as individual entities, internally, they are tightly connected. Figure 6. 1 shows a simplified view of Windows- supported memory managers and their dependencies. Figure 6. 1 An overview of Windows memory management architecture. As illustrated in Figure 6. Windows heap manager, which in turn uses the virtual memory manager. Although high- level memory managers (and applications for that matter) are not restricted to using the heap manager, they most typically do, as it provides a solid foundation for other private memory managers to build on. Because of its popularity, the primary focal point in this chapter is the Windows heap manager. When a process starts, the heap manager automatically creates a new heap called the default process heap. Although some processes use the default process heap, a large number rely on the CRT heap (using new/delete and malloc/free family of APIs) for all their memory needs. Some processes, however, create additional heaps (via the Heap. Create API) to isolate different components running in the process. It is not uncommon for even the simplest of applications to have four or more active heaps at any given time. The Windows heap manager can be further broken down as shown in Figure 6. Front End Allocator. The front end allocator is an abstract optimization layer for the back end allocator. By allowing different types of front end allocators, applications with different memory needs can choose the appropriate allocator. For example, applications that expect small bursts of allocations might prefer to use the low fragmentation front end allocator to avoid fragmentation. Two different front end allocators are available in Windows: Look aside list (LAL) front end allocator. Low fragmentation (LF) front end allocator. With the exception of Windows Vista, all Windows versions use a LAL front end allocator by default. In Windows Vista, a design decision was made to switch over to the LF front end allocator by default. The look aside list is nothing more than a table of 1. Each singly linked list in the table contains free heap blocks of a specific size starting at 1. The size of each heap block includes 8 bytes of heap block metadata used to manage the block. For example, if an allocation request of 2. Because all heap blocks require 8 bytes of metadata, the smallest sized block that can be returned to the caller is 1. Subsequently, each index represents free heap blocks, where the size of the heap block is the size of the previous index plus 8. The last index (1. When an application frees a block of memory, the heap manager marks the allocation as free and puts the allocation on the front end allocator's look aside list (in the appropriate index). The next time a block of memory of that size is requested, the front end allocator checks to see if a block of memory of the requested size is available and if so, returns the heap block to the user. It goes without saying that satisfying allocations via the look aside list is by far the fastest way to allocate memory. Let's take a look at a hypothetical example. Imagine that the state of the LAL is as depicted in Figure 6. Figure 6. 3 Hypothetical state of the look aside list. The LAL in Figure 6. When we try to allocate a block of size 2. The linked list positioned at index 3 contains two available heap blocks. The heap manager simply removes the first one in the list and returns the allocation to the caller. If we try allocating a block of size 1. LAL. The allocation request now continues its travels and is forwarded to the back end allocator for further processing. Back End Allocator. If the front end allocator is unable to satisfy an allocation request, the request makes its way to the back end allocator. Similar to the front end allocator, it contains a table of lists commonly referred to as the free lists. The free list's sole responsibility is to keep track of all the free heap blocks available in a particular heap. There are 1. 28 free lists, where each list contains free heap blocks of a specific size. As you can see from Figure 6. Each size associated with a free list increases by 8 bytes from the prior free list. Allocations whose size is greater than the maximum free list's allocation size go into index 0 of the free lists. The free heap blocks in free list. Figure 6. 4 shows a hypothetical example of a free list. If an allocation request of size 8 arrives at the back end allocator, the heap manager first consults the free lists. In order to maximize efficiency when looking for free heap blocks, the heap manager keeps a free list bitmap. The bitmap consists of 1. If the bit is set, the free list corresponding to the index of the free list bitmap contains free heap blocks. Conversely, if the bit is not set, the free list at that index is empty. Figure 6. 5 shows the free list bitmap for the free lists in Figure 6. The heap manager maps an allocation request of a given size to a free list bitmap index by adding 8 bytes to the size (metadata) and dividing by 8. Consider an allocation request of size 8 bytes. The heap manager knows that the free list bitmap index is 2 . From Figure 6. 5, we can see that index 2 of the free list bitmap is set, which indicates that the free list located at index 2 in the free lists table contains free heap blocks. The free block is then removed from the free list and returned to the caller. If the removal of a free heap block results in that free list becoming empty, the heap manager also clears the free list bitmap at the specific index. If the heap manager is unable to find a free heap block of requested size, it employs a technique known as block splitting. Block splitting refers to the heap manager's capability to take a larger than requested free heap block and split it in half to satisfy a smaller allocation request. For example, if an allocation request arrives for a block of size 8 (total block size of 1. The index representing blocks of size 1. Next, the heap manager finds that free blocks of size 3. The heap manager now removes a block of size 3. One of the blocks is put into a free list representing blocks of size 1. Additionally, the free list bitmap is updated to indicate that index 2 now contains free block entries of size 1. The result of splitting a larger free allocation into two smaller allocations is shown in Figure 6. As mentioned earlier, the free list at index 0 can contain free heap blocks of sizes ranging from 1. FFF0 (5. 24. 27. 2) bytes. To maximize free block lookup efficiency, the heap manager stores the free blocks in sorted order (ascending). All allocations of sizes greater than 0x. FFF0 go on what is known as the virtual allocation list. When a large allocation occurs, the heap manager makes an explicit allocation request from the virtual memory manager and keeps these allocations on the virtual allocation list. So far, the discussion has revolved around how the heap manager organizes blocks of memory it has at its disposal. One question remains unanswered: Where does the heap manager get the memory from? Fundamentally, the heap manager uses the Windows virtual memory manager to allocate memory in large chunks. The memory is then massaged into different sized blocks to accommodate the allocation requests of the application. When the virtual memory chunks are exhausted, the heap manager allocates yet another large chunk of virtual memory, and the process continues. The chunks that the heap manager requests from the virtual memory manager are known as heap segments. When a heap segment is first created, the underlying virtual memory is mostly reserved, with only a small portion being committed. Whenever the heap manager runs out of committed space in the heap segment, it explicitly commits more memory and divides the newly committed space into blocks as more and more allocations are requested. Figure 6. 7 illustrates the basic layout of a heap segment. The segment illustrated in Figure 6. If another allocation request arrives, and no available free block is present in the free lists, the heap manager would commit additional memory from the uncommitted range, create a new heap block within the committed memory range, and return the block to the user. Once a segment runs out of uncommitted space, the heap manager creates a new segment. |
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